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Papillary renal cell carcinoma is a type of kidney cancer. The kidneys are two small organs that work to remove waste products from the blood. Papillary renal cell carcinoma forms in the cells that line the small tubes in the kidney, known as renal tubules. These tubes filter waste from the blood and make urine. Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer, and papillary renal cell carcinoma makes up about 15% of those cases....

Pediatric physical therapy is a specialized area of rehabilitation that focuses on improving function in young children and babies. Physical therapy (PT) is often provided by a physical therapist who specializes in pediatrics. This article will explore the conditions treated, the therapists who provide treatment, which children may qualify for treatment, and what to expect in a therapy session. Conditions Treated There are a variety of reasons that a child may require physical therapy services....

Pemphigus is a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affects both the skin and mucous membranes. Why pemphigus occurs remains something of a mystery, but scientists have been able to establish that the immune system will suddenly target and attack proteins, called desmoglein, that help cells stick together. Pemphigus can occur on its own or manifest as a feature of certain autoimmune diseases or cancers. Pemphigus may also be triggered by certain drugs....

Photophobia is an extreme sensitivity and aversion to light. While the term literally means the “fear of light,” it is not an actual phobia. Rather, photophobia is due to a medical condition or medications that affect the function of the eyes and/or nervous system. In cases of eye trauma, it may affect one eye rather than both. When you have photophobia, you may squint, your eyes may tear, and you might suddenly think that the lights are “too bright....

Edema is a buildup of fluids that causes swelling, usually in the lower body. When this swelling is such that you can leave an indentation, or “pit,” by pressing on it, it’s called pitting edema. This is in contrast to non-pitting edema, which doesn’t leave a mark and is usually caused by the accumulation of fluid with relatively higher protein and salt content. Pitting edema, like its non-pitting counterpart, arises as swelling, usually in the legs, ankles, or feet (though it can occur in the hands)....

Pravastatin is an oral drug used to treat high cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease in people at high risk. Pravastatin belongs to a class of drugs known as statins. These block an enzyme called HMG-CoA, which the body uses to produce cholesterol and other lipids (fatty substances). By doing so, pravastatin can help prevent the build-up of atherosclerosis (fat in the arteries) and reduce the risk of heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular diseases....

Prediabetes is associated with elevated blood sugar levels that are not yet high enough to meet a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. Besides serving as a stepping stone to diabetes, prediabetes increases a person’s chances of developing permanent damage to organs like their kidneys, heart, and eyes. Screening for prediabetes is essential because detecting the condition early increases your chances of preventing the onset of diabetes and its related complications. This article will review the criteria for when an individual should screen for prediabetes....

Propranolol is one of the more effective medicines used for repeated migraines. Also known by the brand names Inderal and InnoPran, it has been found to be more likely to reduce this type of headache by half compared to other medications. Therapeutic benefits can be seen as early as four weeks of use. Propranolol falls under a broad category of drugs called oral migraine prevention medications (OMPMs). These drugs were developed to treat other conditions but were subsequently found to be helpful for migraines....

Hives (also called urticaria) are itchy, red, and raised bumps on the skin. Hives can happen for several possible reasons, and they can also seem to appear without cause. Hives usually are not dangerous. They can be short term and disappear within a day, or they can last weeks or longer. This article covers the types of hives and their causes, how to diagnose hives, how to treat and prevent hives, and when hives can be dangerous....

Rybrevant is an intravenous (IV) prescription medication used to treat adults who have non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with a specific genetic alteration called an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutation. Rybrevant is the first fully human, bispecific antibody that works by targeting EGFR and MET receptors, which helps hinder tumor growth. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer, making up about 80%–85% of cases....

On August 6, the World Health Organization (WHO) sent out an advisory warning the public to be wary of fraudulent letters that promised a $1 million pandemic-related lottery prize from the WHO, the International Monetary Fund, and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Key Takeaways Phone and online scams have been on the rise during the COVID-19 pandemic. The fraud has infiltrated everything from vaccines to contact tracing. COVID-19 vaccines are free....

Having a sore throat and ear pain at the same time is common because these parts of your body are connected by the Eustachian tube. When there is a problem in your ears, nose, or throat (like an infection), the link between these parts means it’s more likely you’ll also have symptoms in more than one. Throat pain is a common symptom of a cold or the flu. When throat pain occurs with ear pain, the causes can include allergies, infections, or tonsillitis....

A Tummy Tuck Belt is a device that’s part of the Tummy Tuck Miracle Slimming System. It claims to give the same results as a tummy tuck surgery performed by a plastic surgeon if you wear it just 10 minutes a day. This article will go over what you should know about the Tummy Tuck Belt. You will learn about how the product is advertised and whether there is evidence to support the claims....

Voltaren (diclofenac) and Advil (ibuprofen) are two medications that take on inflammation, fever, and pain. Both are nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), often used to manage osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, post-operative pain, fever, and menstrual cramps. Though they have very similar effects on the body, key differences exist. For example, in its pill or tablet form, you need a prescription for Voltaren, and only a topical form is available without one. On the other hand, Advil and Motrin come in both prescribed and over-the-counter (OTC) forms....

When the tears won’t stop flowing, the cause isn’t always emotional. Tears are the fluid that helps maintain the eye. Problems with this system can cause your eyes to water without any apparent reason. If you have watery eyes—also known as excessive eye watering, or epiphora—the problem is usually either overproduction or underdrainage of tears. Environmental factors, dry eyes, and allergies can also result in watery eyes. More seriously, an infection can be the reason why your eyes won’t stop tearing up....

The Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) is a partnership between the states and the federal government that provides health insurance coverage to several million children in the United States and to thousands of people who are pregnant. Eligibility guidelines, coverage, and costs vary from state to state. CHIP is similar to Medicaid, which also operates as a partnership between the state and the federal government, but differs from Medicare, which is solely operated by the federal government....

Acute renal failure (also known as acute kidney injury), a condition characterized by a rapid deterioration in kidney function, is a medical emergency. In a person who has acute renal failure, rapidly determining its cause is the key to effective treatment. Whenever they are attempting to quickly evaluate the underlying cause in a patient with acute renal failure, doctors usually measure the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa). FENa is a quick method to help them evaluate the general type of problem that is producing acute renal failure....

The development of white spots on the teeth—clinically called “decalcification”—can be distressing. These deposits are common, arising due to plaque and tartar build-up, insufficient enamel, and following orthodontic treatment, among other factors. Like other dental issues, decalcification can be a precursor to worse problems, such as gum diseases, cavities, gum recession, and tooth loss. This article will explain what the white spots on your teeth are, their causes, common treatments, as well as what you can do to prevent them....

Zidovudine (ZDV) is an antiretroviral drug used in the treatment or prevention of human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. It was, in fact, the very first drug approved to treat HIV back in 1987 and is still in use today. It was formerly called azidothymidine (AZT). Marketed under the brand name Retrovir and others, ZDV is available as a generic and is also found in the fixed-dose combination drugs Combivir (zidovudine and lamivudine) and Trizivir (abacavir, zidovudine, and lamivudine)....

Allergy symptoms vary widely, but all are the product of an abnormal immune system reaction to a normally harmless substance (an allergen). When a person who is allergic encounters the trigger, the body reacts by releasing chemicals that affect the skin, respiratory system, digestive tract, and more to produce allergy symptoms. These can range from a runny nose to an itchy rash or even to a life-threatening asthma attack or anaphylactic reaction....