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Type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are separate conditions with unique causes. One condition cannot turn into the other. Type 1 diabetes is a disease of insulin deficiency caused by an autoimmune reaction (when the body attacks healthy cells by mistake). Type 2 diabetes is a disease of insulin resistance, in which the body cannot respond to or use insulin efficiently. Type 2 diabetes primarily develops due to lifestyle factors, like obesity and lack of exercise....

There is no way to prevent leukemia, a form of cancer that affects blood cells in children and adults. That’s mainly because exactly what causes leukemia is not known. A search for information on how to prevent leukemia in children or adults, then, must pivot to one about how to reduce your risk of the disease. While there are some risk factors for leukemia that cannot be changed, such as your age or your assigned sex, there are others that can....

What Is Cayston? Cayston (aztreonam) is a prescription antibiotic available for people ages 7 and older with cystic fibrosis (CF) who experience lung infections due to certain bacteria called Pseudomonas aeruginos. Its primary ingredient, aztreonam, is in a drug class called monobactam antibiotics. Monobactam antibiotics work to treat infections of the urinary tract or lower respiratory tract, gynecologic infections, septicemia (problems that arise from the toxins released by the bacteria into your bloodstream), and cutaneous (skin) infections....

Heart health is one of the areas being explored to determine the therapeutic health benefits of cannabidiol (CBD). Nearly 655,000 Americans die from heart disease every year, accounting for one in every four deaths. CBD cannot cure heart disease or congestive heart failure, but it is being studied for ways it may help reduce symptoms or prevent heart disease. However, CBD has not been shown in large studies to prevent diseases that lead to heart failure....

The symptoms required to make the diagnosis of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) include fatigue, exercise intolerance, and unrefreshing sleep. However, many more symptoms are commonly experienced by people with this syndrome. Each person has his or her own mix of symptoms, so it’s rare to find two cases that are just alike. While some people are incapacitated by their symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome, others can have less severe symptoms or episodes that come and go....

Extensor surfaces are skin surfaces on the outside of a joint that are common regions for lesions or other skin changes in certain skin disorders. For example, the front of the knee and the back of the elbow or forearm are extensor surfaces where inflamed skin and scaly patches of psoriasis may develop. This article explores the location and function of extensor surfaces and which skin conditions often affect these areas....

Flank pain affects one or both sides of the body between your abdomen and back. This symptom can be caused by issues with your muscles, internal organs, or your spine. Physical examination and imaging are often performed to determine the cause of flank pain. This article will discuss the symptoms of flank pain and the possible causes, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Vascular Emergency Sudden-onset flank pain may be caused by a serious problem with the blood vessels....

In early September, President Biden announced a comprehensive six-part COVID-19 plan to ensure that more eligible Americans get vaccinated. Key Takeaways The Biden Administration is requiring businesses with more than 100 employees to vaccinate their workers against COVID-19 or enforce weekly testing for employees who refuse to get the shots.If a business does not comply with the mandate, it will be fined.The mandate still leaves unvaccinated populations (such as self-employed individuals and those who work in small businesses) behind....

Intersex is a general term used to describe anyone with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t align with the traditional definitions of “male” or “female.” The term “intersex” is not related to a person’s gender (how they see themselves in relation to the society’s definition of “male” or “female”) but rather to the sexual characteristics a person is born with. This may include their external genitals (like a vagina or penis), internal reproductive organs (like ovaries or a uterus), or sex chromosomes (the genetic material that determines a person’s biological sex)....

If you or a loved one has been diagnosed with bladder cancer, you may wonder if it is hereditary and can pass down to your children. You can breathe easier knowing that, in most cases, bladder cancer is not caused by inherited or genetic factors. Cancers happen when our body’s cells undergo genetic changes that let them grow out of control and spread, taking over other organs. For a cell to become cancerous, multiple gene changes are usually needed....

The benefits of chemotherapy far outweigh the potential risks, but there are long-term side effects. Many people are familiar with the short-term side effects such as hair loss and nausea, but some side effects may persist or arise months to years after treatment has been completed. When it comes to long-term side effects, keep in mind that everyone is different. Some people may have several of these side effects, while many will have none....

Lysine is an essential amino acid. Reported lysine benefits include improved blood sugar control, management of anxiety and stress, collagen formation, and wound healing. Your body cannot make lysine, so you must get it from food or supplements. There are two chemical versions of lysine: L-lysine and D-lysine. L-lysine is the bioactive form found in foods and supplements that your body uses, and it’s our focus here. In addition to potential lysine benefits and uses, read on to learn about lysine supplement doses, side effects, food sources, and more....

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) that arises in the B-lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell that helps fight infection. MCL usually affects lymph nodes and can also involve other organs. Most people with MCL have an aggressive form of the disease that requires prompt treatment. Candidates for intensive therapy can achieve remissions lasting up to 7 to 10 years, or even longer. There are a growing number of treatment options for both newly diagnosed and relapsed MCL....

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory disease that often occurs in individuals with the autoimmune condition psoriasis. This disease can affect many different parts of the body and cause a wide range of symptoms, including joint pain and stiffness, swelling of the fingers and toes, skin and nail lesions, and back pain. Research has shown that, along with medication and other therapies, diet can play a significant role in managing the severity of PsA symptoms....

Motivational enhancement therapy (MET) is a counseling approach to help individuals address and work through the ambivalence they may have toward changing their behavior. It is often used with people struggling with substance use. This approach is meant to spark rapid motivation to change your behavior instead of being walked through each step of recovery by a therapist. Individuals work collaboratively with their therapist to develop a plan of action and maintain motivation....

A toothache really needs to be checked out by a dentist, but you may need some pain relief before you can be seen. Over-the-counter (OTC) pain relievers can help you manage tooth pain in the meantime. Dentists recommend a few options when it comes to medicine for pain in your teeth. These options include: Ibuprofen Naproxen Aspirin Acetaminophen But not all of these drugs are right for everyone. This article reviews OTC painkiller options, side effects and drug interactions to consider, and other ways you may be able to manage your toothache....

Penicillin is an antibiotic used to treat certain types of bacterial infections, such as pneumonia, meningitis, or strep throat. There are different types of penicillin with different mechanisms of action. All forms are derived, at least in part, from a fungus known as Penicillium chrysogenum. Penicillin may be administered by mouth or by injection. When given by injection, it may be administered intravenously (IV, into a vein), or intramuscularly (IM, in a large muscle)....

Anyone can develop breast cancer regardless of gender or sex assigned at birth. Wondering how to reduce the risk of breast cancer recurrence is a common concern among those who have had early-stage breast cancer. After all, it’s thought that 20% to 30% of these cancers will come back (recur) at some time. Certainly, breast cancer treatments can reduce the risk of recurrence, and therapies such as chemotherapy, hormonal treatments, HER2 targeted therapies, bisphosphonates, and radiation have prevented many recurrences....

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a condition that causes inflammation throughout the body. This condition occurs when your body’s own immune system attacks healthy cells. RA often affects many different joints, including the knees, causing pain and difficulty with daily tasks. This article discusses rheumatoid arthritis in the knees, including affected structures, symptoms, disease progression, and treatment. How Does RA Affect the Knees? Inflammation caused by rheumatoid arthritis attacks many different structures in your knees, such as the cartilage that provides padding between the bones, the ligaments that attach bone to bone, and the joint capsule that surrounds the entire joint....

The sciatic nerves, located in the legs, are the largest nerves in the body. Each sciatic nerve stimulates movement of leg muscles and carries sensory messages from the leg to the spine. The right and left sciatic nerves each control functions on the ipsilateral (same) side of the body. Sciatic nerve pain, which is often referred to as sciatica, is very common and has many causes. A herniated disc that pinches a nerve root is the most common of several causes of sciatica....