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Papillary urothelial carcinoma (more commonly referred to as transitional cell cancer) is a type of bladder cancer. It begins in the urothelial cells located on the surface of the bladder’s inner lining. Urothelial cells are found throughout the urinary tract. Papillary urothelial carcinomas have the appearance of fingerlike protrusions that grow from the bladder’s inner lining toward its center. They can be invasive or noninvasive. The bladder is part of the urinary tract....

Pfizer and BioNTech announced that they will provide COVID-19 vaccines for the athletes and participating delegations of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games, which is scheduled to run from July 23 to August 8, 2021. Key Takeaways Pfizer and BioNTech will provide COVID-19 vaccines for athletes and participating delegations of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.Despite opposition from public health experts and the people of Japan, the organizers are firm about proceeding with the Olympics this summer....

Pneumococcal meningitis is a type of bacterial meningitis, a serious infection of the meninges, membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Pneumococcal meningitis is caused by specific bacteria: Streptococcus pneumoniae. This is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in adults and the second most common type of meningitis in kids who are older than 2. Although meningitis cases are rare, pneumococcal meningitis accounts for half of all cases in the United States, about 2,000 cases annually....

Post-nasal drip treatment often includes things you can do at home. The common cold, a sinus infection, or allergies can cause post-nasal drip. Finding the right post-nasal drip treatment will depend on why you have the condition. This article will go over post-nasal drip treatments you can do at home as well as when you should talk to your provider about post-nasal drip treatment. Home Remedies & Lifestyle There are several all-natural remedies you can use for mild cases of post-nasal drip....

Soft tissue mobilization (STM) is a type of hands-on treatment that is commonly used in physical therapy (PT) sessions. Chiropractors may also use STM in their practice. This technique, which can be performed with a therapist’s bare hands or using a metallic tool (also known as instrument-assisted soft tissue mobilization—or IASTM—and the Gaston Technique), aims to reduce pain, improve range of motion, and decrease disability by working on the body’s myofascial (soft tissue) system....

Stage 0 breast cancer, which includes ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), is an early form of breast cancer that originates in the milk ducts or lobules of the breast. Carcinoma in situ means that the cancer is contained within the duct or lobule where it started and has not spread to other areas of the breast or lymph nodes. About 20% of all newly diagnosed breast cancers are DCIS....

What Is Synthroid? Synthroid (levothyroxine) is the first-line treatment for an underactive thyroid condition called hypothyroidism. In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland—a small butterfly-shaped organ in the neck—does not make enough of the naturally occurring thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). When this happens, the pituitary gland in the brain makes more thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to tell the thyroid to produce more T4 and T3. However, the thyroid hormones may have trouble maintaining normal levels for long periods without the help of Synthroid—a synthetic version of T4....

Telehealth can provide individuals with allergies the opportunity to access their healthcare provider from their own homes through technology. The challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic rapidly increased the availability and utilization of telehealth services. The benefits of telehealth include decreased travel time, convenience, and protection from exposure to COVID-19. Learn how to make the most of your telehealth visit. When to Use Telehealth for Allergies Telehealth can be used in many cases, but may be inappropriate in other scenarios....

A tic is a sudden, uncontrolled, and repetitive movement or sound. Examples of tics include shrugging, yelling, repeating phrases, hitting, twitching, blinking, grimacing, coughing, and humming that is unintentional. In this article, learn more about what a tic is, the different types of tic disorders, and their causes, symptoms, and treatment. What Does Having a Tic Mean? A person who has a tic will make sudden and uncontrolled movements or sounds....

Tivicay (dolutegravir) is an antiretroviral drug used to treat HIV in adults and older children. Licensed for use by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013, Tivicay is included in the list of preferred agents used for the first-line treatment of HIV. Tivicay belongs to a class of drugs called integrase inhibitors that work by blocking an enzyme called integrase that the virus uses to “hijack” the genetic machinery of a cell....

An ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) is a compound used during cataract surgery. Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices are now considered an essential part of cataract surgery. For many years, they were called viscoelastics or viscoelastic agents. This article will address what OVDs are, how they are used, and any side effects patients may feel if an eye surgeon uses an OVD. Ophthalmic Viscosurgical Device: What It Is Ophthalmic viscosurgical devices are clear chemical compounds that resemble gels....

Many people experience verbal abuse in their lifetimes. Most often, abuse occurs in romantic relationships, between a parent and a child, or at work. One study has shown that in romantic relationships, 12.1% of women and 17.3% of men experience verbal abuse. Verbal abuse against children is highly understudied and underreported, so the prevalence rates of this type of abuse aren’t well known. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that over 1 billion children between the ages of 2 and 17 experienced some type of abuse, verbal included....

Cardiac ablation is an invasive, nonsurgical procedure used to treat atrial fibrillation and other types of arrhythmias in those resistant to other forms of treatment, or for patients who prefer to avoid medications. During cardiac ablation procedures, careful computerized mapping is done of the heart’s electrical system to identify specific areas that are responsible for the arrhythmia. Once the target area is mapped out, it is ablated (that is, the tissue is damaged) by applying either radiofrequency energy (electrical energy) or cryothermal energy (freezing energy) through a catheter, in order to create a tiny scar....

Antiretroviral therapy is used to treat HIV and is comprised of a combination of drugs that block different stages in the virus’ replication cycle. By doing so, the virus can be suppressed to undetectable levels where it can do the body little harm. The effectiveness of the combination antiretroviral therapy was first reported by researchers in 1996 at the International AIDS Conference in Vancouver, who dubbed the approach HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy)....

HRA Pharma is asking the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to approve its birth control pill for over-the-counter use. If approval is granted, the medication, called Opill, will be the first over-the-counter birth control available in the United States. Key Takeaways HRA Pharma is asking the FDA for an over-the-counter approval of its birth control pill, OpillStudies show an over-the-counter option could increase access to birth control and decrease changes of unwanted pregnancy....

As we head into another round of COVID-19 vaccination, researchers are continuing to keep an eye on vaccine safety and effectiveness. Key Takeaways New research finds that only 30% of COVID-19 studies break down sex differences in vaccine effectiveness and side effects. In studies that do highlight sex differences, men were found to have a better vaccine response after the first dose and women experienced more severe side effects.Sex can affect how a person responds to treatment and their susceptibility to disease....

Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to a particular substance, causing symptoms such as hives, sneezing, runny nose, or itching. Allergies are common in the United States, with an estimated 50 million Americans suffering from some type of allergy. Several studies have found an association between allergies and depression. This connection is not completely understood, although some symptoms of allergies, such as fatigue or difficulty sleeping due to congestion, may contribute to depression....

Spondyloarthritis (also called spondyloarthropathy) refers to a family of inflammatory rheumatological conditions that can affect the joints, including the joints of the spine, as well as other bodily systems. Axial spondyloarthritis can be considered a subset of spondyloarthritis. This type primarily affects the axial joints, which are those found in the spine, chest, and pelvis. Ankylosing spondylitis is generally considered a specific and severe subset of axial spondyloarthritis. Spondyloarthropathies Spondyloarthropathies are the broadest definition of the disorder....

Controlling your child’s allergies is important for easing discomfort and maintaining their overall health. The best allergy medicine for kids controls allergy symptoms and avoids side effects such as extreme drowsiness. This article explains the types of allergy medications and what to consider for children of different ages so you can find the best one for your child. Types of Allergy Medication There’s a variety of options available for treating children’s allergies....

Having a mother with breast cancer increases the chance that you could also develop the disease. While most breast cancer is not hereditary, it is valuable to know if you have family members who were ever diagnosed with the disease. Women who have a mother, sister, or daughter who developed breast cancer at a young age (premenopausal) have double the risk of the disease compared to those who don’t have this family history....